At Significantly Higher Risk 
• Men over 60. 
• Long-term drinkers, especially in whites.
• Long-term smokers (more common in blacks than in whites).
• Smokers who drink alcohol (more common in blacks than in whites).
• Pickled vegetable consumption. 
• Individuals with muscle spasm (achalasia) or chronic stricture.
• Barrett's esophagus with esophagitis— inflammation of the esophagus related to a chronic backup of stomach
  acid with bile (gastric reflux) causing "heartburn." This may also develop from a malfunction of the
  gastroesophageal valve that results in backup (reflux) of stomach acid. The male-to-female ratio is 5-to-1 for
  adenocarcinoma .
• Other causes of esophageal injury, such as lye ingestion or long-term consumption of very hot beverages.

At Lower Risk 
• Mormons and Seventh Day Adventists who monitor their diets and neither drink nor smoke.